Nel 1794, Giuseppe De Ribas, nato a Napoli da un nobile spagnolo al servizio dei Borboni, fondò la città di Odessa, in Ucraina, organizzandone il porto, la flotta e il commercio, rendendola una città importante per il Mar Nero e il Mediterraneo.
Al posto di Odessa “città leggendaria”, come la definisce Charles King, docente di Affari internazionali della Georgetown University di Washinghton, nel suo recente libro Odessa (Einaudi 2014), sorgeva un villaggio, Khadjber, abitato dai tatari. De Ribas entrò in contatto con questo lembo di terra quasi fortuitamente, in quanto Ufficiale di collegamento al servizio dell’Ammiraglio Grigorij Aleksandrovič Potëmkin, principe e amante dell’imperatrice Caterina, il cui obiettivo, dopo la sconfitta dell’impero ottomano, era di estendere verso ovest il grande impero russo.
De Ribas ribattezzò il villaggio Odesso, in omaggio alla vecchia colonia greca che si estendeva sulla costa. Luogo di incontro tra la civiltà orientale e quella occidentale, multiculturale per la sua stessa natura geografica, situata alla foce di grandi fiumi, tra cui il Danubio, divenne presto il cuore pulsante dell’impero meridionale della zarina Caterina, la quale per la sua stessa forza ed importanza geo-strategica ribattezzò il villaggio al femminile, Odessa.
Ben presto, ad Odessa si costituì una colonia italiana, che nel 1850 contava circa tremila di abitanti, quasi tutti di origine meridionale. Rilevante fu il contributo che questa comunità diede alla fondazione, allo sviluppo e all’economia dell’impero russo. L’italiano rimase lingua ufficiale dell’attività economica della città. Cartelli stradali, passaporti, liste dei prezzi erano scritti in italiano, e la comunità italiana diede un grande contributo alla cultura della città alle porte del Mar Nero, soprattutto nell’ambito dell’architettura. Il napoletano Francesco Frapolli fu nominato architetto ufficiale della città da Richelieu, nel 1804 e fu lui a progettare la monumentale Opera di Odessa e la famosa Chiesa della Trinità.
La famosa canzone O’ sole mio fu scritta e composta ad Odessa da Giovanni Capurro e Eduardo Di Capua che in quel tempo si trovava nella città russa. La musica si ispirò ad una bellissima alba sul Mar Nero e dedicata alla nobildonna oleggese Anna Maria Vignati Mazza. Il brano non ebbe immediato successo a Napoli, salvo poi diventare famosa sulle sponde del Mar Nero e da lì divenire canzone patrimonio della musica mondiale.
Inoltre, grandi attori teatrali come Tommaso Salvini, Ernesto Rossi ed Eleonora Duse contribuirono alla formazione dell’Opera di Odessa, facendo della città la più europea e mediterranea dell’impero russo.
Tuttavia, il peso della colonia italiana diminuì progressivamente nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento (nel censimento del 1900 la comunità italiana contava solo 286 unità), ma l’impronta italiana nella città è evidente tutt’oggi.
Odessa, città di frontiera tra est e ovest, in realtà vanta radici nell’Italia meridionale. Ieri come oggi, la costa del Mar Nero rimane una regione di frontiera tra l’Europa occidentale e quella orientale. Ripensare alle radici comuni aiuterebbe a guardarsi con fratellanza e unione.
Sorgente: UCRAINA: Odessa città napoletana, dove l’italiano era lingua ufficiale – East Journal
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